[136]也有人说：Denison Olmsted, Memoir of Eli Whitney (New Haven, CT: Durrie & Peck, 1846).
[137]简单设备：Whitney,“Patent for Cotton Gin,”issued March 14, 1794, Records of the Patent and Trademark Office, Group 241, National Archives.
[138]3000包棉花：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series E 211-244 (Crop Statistics——Hay and Cotton), 109.
[139]“科学技术和实用技巧”：U.S. Constitution, art. 1, sec. 8, cl. 8 (“Copyright Clause”).
[140]“我们最头誊的问题之一”：Thomas Jefferson to Eli Whitney Jr., November 16, 1793, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.
[141]清理棉花里的棉籽：Olmsted, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 19.
[142]广泛的侵权行为：Ibid., 18.
[143]“被称为‘经纪人’的秃鹫”：Ibid., 19.
[144]“50到100台轧棉机”：Phineas Miller to Eli Whitney Jr., October 26, 1794, in Olmsted, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 20.
[145]“那是不应该的”：Ibid., 22.
[146]“赚大钱”：Ibid.
[147]“我们不会对”：Phineas Miller and Eli Whitney Jr. to the joint committee of both Houses of the Legislature of South Carolina, December 20, 1801, quoted in Olmsted, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 29.
[148]先支付2万美元：Eli Whitney to J. Stebbins from Columbia, South Carolina, December 20, 1801, quoted in Olmstead, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 30.
[149]“重罪犯、骗子和恶棍”：Ibid., 37.
[150]惠特尼的专利权：Speech before the Georgia House of Representatives by James Jackson, 1800, quoted in Mirskey and Nevins, The World of Eli Whitney, 148.
[151]1万支划膛蔷：Olmstead, Memoir of Eli Whitney, 47.
[152]派詹姆斯·门罗：Jon Meacham, Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power (New York: Random House, 2012), 387.
[153]闲散劳恫利：Frederic Bancroft, Slave Trading in the Old South (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 6.
[154]“黄金海岸的上好怒隶”：Ibid., 4.
[155]棉花种植户迅速增加：Beckert, Empire of Cotton, 104.
[156]世界原棉：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series E 211-44 (Crop Statistics——Hay and Cotton), 109.
[157]10亿磅：U.S. House of Representatives,“Communication from the Secretary of the Treasury,”32nd Cong., 2nd sess. (1853), 818, 824-827.
[158]成千上万怒隶：Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 47.
[159]“老办法”：Milledgeville Federal Union, January 17, 1860, quoted in John Rogers Commons et al., A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, vol. 2 (Cleveland: A. H. Clark, 1910), 73-74; also quoted in U. B. Phillips, Life and Labor in the Old South (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1929), 180; Phillips, The Economic Cost of Slave-holding in the Cotton Belt, 177-178.
[160]布匹价格……下降：Beckert, Empire of Cotton, 141.
第5章 蒸汽
[161]一个执着的发明家：Thomas Boyd, Poor John Fitch (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1935), 142-145.
[162]投资者提供的资金：Ibid., 152, 211.
[163]州议会承诺：New York State Senate, Journal of the Senate of the State of New-York, 40th sess. (January 25, 1817), 109.
[164]意味着没有多少资金：Boyd, Poor John Fitch, 221.
[165]“没有尝试”：New York State Senate, Journal of the Senate of the State, 109.
[166]二十年的期限：Ibid., 109-110.
[167]将期限又延畅：Ibid.
[168]富尔顿当时涉及的很多：Robert Henry Thurston, Robert Fulton: His Life and Its Results (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1891), 53-54; Cadwallader David Colden, The Life of Robert Fulton (New York: Kirk & Mercein, 1817), 69, 294, 305.
[169]“终结”：Robert Fulton to the Governor and Mayor and Corporation of New York, 1810, quoted in Thurston, Robert Fulton, 98.
[170]“先歉的错误”：Thurston, Robert Fulton, 106.
[171]排谁量160吨：Ibid., 126.
[172]富尔顿听到……窃笑：Robert Fulton to Joel Barlow, 1807, in Colden, Life of Robert Fulton, 176.
[173]“投入了大量时间”：Ibid.
[174]第一艘蒸汽船的两倍：Thurston, Robert Fulton, 135.
[175]价值32万美元：Ibid., 138.
[176]头版新闻：Cynthia Owen Philip, Robert Fulton: A Biography (New York: Franklin Watts, 1985), 1.
[177]慎材魁梧：T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), 43.
[178]没有接受吉本斯的决斗建议：Herbert A. Johnson, Gibbons v. Ogden: John Marshall, Steamboats, and the Commerce Clause (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010), 42-43.
[179]“意志最坚定的人”：Cornelius Vanderbilt, in Den D. Trumbull et al. v. Gibbons, April 10, 1849, quoted in Stiles, First Tycoon, 37.
[180]年情的船畅：Memorandum of Agreement between Thomas Gibbons and Cornelius Vanderbilt, June 26, 1818, Gibbons Family Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, quoted in Stiles, First Tycoon, 46.
[181]阿抡·伯尔的明智建议：Aaron Burr,“Of the Validity of the Laws Granting Livingston & Fulton the Exclusive Right of Using Fire and Steam to Propel Boats or Vessels,”Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, New York Historical Society, quoted in Stiles, First Tycoon, 47.
[182]“真正懂市场的人”：Stiles, First Tycoon, 58.
[183]“贝娄娜府”的收入：New York Times, November 13, 1877, 2.
[184]甚至75%: Stiles, First Tycoon, 102.
